URINE EXAMINATION

          URINE EXAMINATION

             

The oldest of laboratory procedure used in medicine is the inspection of urine for Diagnostic purpose. the Ancients paid great attention to the character of urine in disease. according to the book prognostic  (Adams ,1886) a careful examination of all excreta was used as a basis of estimating the course of disease. hypocrites noted that the volume of urine should be in proportion to the liquid that is taken and somewhat thicker than the fluid that is a drunk. with the progress of Medical Science, through interpretation of Urine Examination is possible. for example, the exact cause of turbid or cloudally urine can be revealed by microscopic examination and quick chemical screening of urine for glucose and Ketone bodies offer and explanation for the sweet or fruity odor of some urine sample  (urine of a diabetic person). chemical test of bile pigment can reveal the cause of excretion of dark yellow coloured urine;i.e. jaundice (hepatic or postherpetic). similarly the cause of red urine can be found out by testing blood in urine and then confirming it on most of the occasion by the presence of red blood cell in microscopic examination.

URINE ANALYSIS 

The normal urine is clear and yellow, Amber coloured and the presence of pigment urochrome. and everage human passes 1,300 ml of urine in 24 hour. normally urine is clear when freshly voided but maybe cloudy urine phosphate and growth of bacteria. all urine samples are cloudally or turbid upon Standing and so freshly passes should be we examined. first morning specimen after good fromed is best for routine examination. Post sample specimen is collected one and half to three hours after the meal.

URINE EXAMINATION 

 Routine Urine analysis is mainly  performed for two purposes. 

(1):- To find out metabolic or endocrine disturbance of the body. for example, a normal urine does not contain detectable amounts of billirubin and glucose.  presence of billirubin in urine gives indication of metabolic disturbance of billirubin and thus the indication of hepatic or postherpetic condition. similarly, the presence of glucose in urine may indicate the condition Diabetes mellitus i. e.  deficiency of insulin, an endocrine disturbance.

(2):- The second purpose of urine analysis is to detect intrinsic condition that may adversely affect the urine tract for the Kidneys. disease Kidneys cannot function normally in regulating the volume and composition of body Fluids and also in maintaining acid base balance and haemostasis. consequently structural elements, such as leukocyte, red blood cells, urinary tract cells and casts from the lower urinary tract may appear in urine. substances normally retained  by the Kidneys ( or excreted in small amounts).  may also appear in urine in large quantities and substance is normally excreted by may be retained which is indicated by their increase volume in blood. to understand urine analysis and test interpretation of a basic background about kidney structure and urine formation is necessary. 

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION 

Containers used for collection of urine should be check and clear. urine for bacteriological examination should beyond aseptically, into sterile container without preservative stream of urine is preferred  as it contains very few cotinating barterial. 

Urine may be preserved for quantitative examination refrigerator or a small piece of camphor or thymol include other preservatives include 2% toluene and formalin. Microscopic examination one to two drops of formalin (used in 30 ml of urine ) can be used.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 

Physical examination include:-(1) Quantity  (2) colour  (3) Appearance  (4) Odour  (5) Reaction of PH (6) Specific gravity. 

QUANTITY/VOLUME 

Urinary output of a healthy adult average daily 1,000 ---1,500 ml.However, variations may occur, women and children are less urine. A great amount of urine is avoided during day then at night. 

Daily output more than 2000 ml is known as Polyuria.

URINE EXAMINATION